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Semiconductor Basics

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Silicon (Si)

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A semiconductor material used as the base for most integrated circuits; has moderate bandgap and good thermal properties.

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Germanium (Ge)

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A semiconductor material with high carrier mobility but limited by its lower bandgap and poor thermal properties compared to silicon.

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Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)

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Semiconductor with higher electron mobility than silicon suitable for high-frequency applications but more expensive.

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Doping

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Process of adding impurities to a semiconductor to change its electrical properties; creates n-type or p-type semiconductors.

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n-type semiconductor

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A semiconductor in which extra electrons are introduced through doping, creating more negative charge carriers.

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p-type semiconductor

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A semiconductor which has been doped with an element that introduces holes, creating more positive charge carriers.

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Bandgap

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The energy difference between the valence band and the conduction band; responsible for electrical properties of semiconductors.

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Valence Band

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The highest range of electron energies where electrons are normally present at absolute zero temperature; involved in bonding.

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Conduction Band

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The energy band where electrons are free to move and thus conduct electricity; higher in energy than the valence band.

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Intrinsic semiconductor

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A pure semiconductor with no impurities; electrical properties are determined by the material itself, not by dopants.

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Diode

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A semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only; made of a p-n junction.

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Transistor

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A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals; made with p-n junctions in configurations like BJT or FET.

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MOSFET

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Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor; a transistor that uses voltage to control the flow of current, popular in ICs.

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Carrier Mobility

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The speed at which an electron can move through a semiconductor when an electric field is applied.

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Depletion Region

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The region around a p-n junction where charge carriers are absent, due to recombination; acts as a barrier to carrier flow.

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