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SPI is a synchronous serial communication interface. Applications include communicating with sensors, memory, and LCD displays that require high-speed data transfer.

Interrupts allow a microcontroller to respond quickly to specific events by temporarily suspending the main program. Uses include handling timer events, external signals, and I/O data ready notifications.

Timers in microcontrollers count clock pulses to measure time intervals and can generate events at set intervals. They are essential for creating delays, measuring time, and PWM signal generation.

DACs are used to convert digital values into a continuous analog voltage. This can be used for applications like generating audio signals or controlling analog circuits.

I2C is a multi-master, multi-slave, packet-switched, single-ended, serial computer bus. It's used for attaching lower-speed peripheral ICs to processors, like EEPROMs, ADCs, and RTCs (Real Time Clocks).

ADCs convert an analog voltage to a digital value that the microcontroller can process. They're used in reading sensors like temperature sensors, potentiometers, and photodiodes.

A Watchdog Timer helps recover from malfunctions by resetting the microcontroller if a regular 'kick' signal is not received. It's often used in systems where reliability is critical, like embedded medical or aerospace applications.

The clock speed determines how fast a microcontroller can execute instructions, typically measured in MHz. Faster clock speeds can increase performance but also power consumption.

Flash Memory is non-volatile storage for a microcontroller's program code. It keeps data even when power is off, and is used in storing firmware, configuration parameters, and user programs.

GPIO pins can be configured either as digital inputs or outputs. Common applications include LED control, button input, and interfacing with various digital sensors.

UART is a serial communication protocol. It's commonly used for communication between devices, debug logging, and interfacing with PCs or GPS modules.