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Basic Electrical Components
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Resistor
Limits the flow of electrical current in a circuit and has a specified resistance measured in ohms (Ω).
Capacitor
Stores and releases electrical energy in the form of an electric field and is measured in farads (F).
Inductor
Stores and releases energy in the form of a magnetic field when an electric current passes through it, measured in henries (H).
Diode
Allows current to flow in one direction but blocks it in the opposite direction, characterized by its forward voltage drop.
Transistor
A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.
Transformer
Transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
Fuse
A safety device that protects an electrical circuit from excessive current by melting a wire inside.
Circuit Breaker
An automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short circuit.
Potentiometer
A three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider.
Relay
An electromechanical switch operated by a current-limited control circuit.
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Emits light when an electric current passes through it and is used in a wide variety of signaling and illumination applications.
Integrated Circuit (IC)
A set of electronic circuits on one small plate ('chip') of semiconductor material, normally silicon.
Photodiode
Converts light into an electrical current and is used as a light sensor.
Varistor
A variable resistor that changes its resistance with the voltage applied and is used to protect circuits against excessive transient voltages.
Thermistor
A type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature, can be positive or negative temperature coefficient.
Piezoelectric Crystal
Generates an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress and can also apply mechanical stress in response to an electric charge, used in sensors and actuators.
Triac
An electronic component that is widely used to switch AC power and can control the flow of current over both halves of an alternating cycle.
Zener Diode
Allows current to flow in the forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage known as 'Zener voltage'.
Optocoupler
An electronic component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light.
Crystal Oscillator
Uses the mechanical-resonance of a vibrating crystal to create an electrical signal with a precise frequency.
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