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Hydrogen fuel cells produce electricity through the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. Advantages: High energy efficiency, zero emissions at point of use, scalable. Limitations: Storage difficulties, high costs, reliance on non-renewable energy for hydrogen production.

Solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells. Advantages: Modular, silent operation, predictable power production in certain areas. Limitations: Energy production varies with sunlight intensity, manufacturing process involves hazardous chemicals, disposal of old panels.

Solar energy is harnessed from the sun and converted into thermal or electrical energy. Advantages: Abundant, sustainable, low operating costs. Limitations: Intermittent, high initial cost, requires large surface area.

CSP systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a small area. Advantages: High potential in sunny regions, can generate power after sunset. Limitations: Requires direct sunlight, high water use, land-intensive.

Geothermal energy utilizes the heat from the Earth's core to generate electricity or heating. Advantages: Reliable, low emissions, small land footprint. Limitations: Geographically limited, upfront costs, potential for Earth disturbances.

Hydropower is produced by converting the energy of flowing water into electricity. Advantages: Continuous energy source, low emissions, can control water flow. Limitations: Ecosystem disruption, high construction costs, geographical dependency.

Wind energy is generated by converting wind flow into mechanical power through wind turbines. Advantages: Clean, renewable, and cost-effective. Limitations: Variable and site-dependent wind speeds, possible noise and wildlife disruption, aesthetic concerns.

Biomass energy is derived from organic materials such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Advantages: Uses waste materials, can provide a continuous supply, can be converted to various forms of energy. Limitations: Requires land, may compete with food production, emits CO2 when burned.

Ocean energy includes tidal, wave, and ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). Advantages: Huge potential, predictable, low-emission. Limitations: Economic feasibility, technology is underdeveloped, can affect marine life habitats.