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In any cyclic process the entropy will either increase or remain the same. This law predicts the direction of thermal energy transfer and implies that energy has quality as well as quantity. It also establishes the concept of irreversibility in natural processes, and it can be expressed in different forms like the Kelvin-Planck or the Clausius statement.

As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches a constant minimum. This law provides an absolute reference point for the determination of entropy. The implications are profound in cryogenics and imply that absolute zero is unattainable.

The change in internal energy of a closed system is equal to the heat supplied to the system minus the work done by the system on its surroundings. Mathematically, it's represented by the equation: