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A Lead-Lag Compensator is a control system component that modifies the frequency response of a system to achieve desired properties, with a lead compensator speeding up system response and a lag compensator smoothing out transients.

Dead Time, also known as transport delay, is a time delay between the application of an input to a system and the observable effect, which can complicate control system design and stability.

Aliasing is the effect observed when a signal is sampled at a rate that is insufficient to accurately represent it, leading to a different signal being reconstructed, an effect that must be mitigated in digital control systems.

Feedforward control is a control strategy where control actions are based on measuring disturbances directly and compensating for them before they affect the system, rather than based on feedback of the error signal.

A Control Loop is the fundamental building block of an industrial control system, comprising sensors, controllers, actuators, and setpoints, designed to maintain a controlled process variable at a constant or desired value.

In control systems, Noise refers to unwanted disturbances that affect the system signals and potentially degrade performance, and can be mitigated through filtering or signal processing techniques.

In control systems, a Sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment, such as temperature, light, pressure, or motion, converting it into an electrical signal that can be measured and processed.

Feedback in control systems is the process by which a portion of the output signal is returned to the input to form a closed-loop system, which is used to reduce errors and improve stability.

The Routh-Hurwitz Criterion is a mathematical test that provides an algebraic means for the stability of a linear system by constructing the Routh array and examining the sign changes in the first column of the array.

A Servomechanism (or servo) is a feedback control system where the output (position, velocity, or torque) is continuously adjusted to match the input signal, typically by use of an error-driven motor.

The Laplace Transform is an integral transform that converts a time domain function to a complex frequency domain representation, often used in control systems theory to simplify the analysis of linear time-invariant systems.

An LTI System, or Linear Time-Invariant System, is a system for which the output-linear superposition and time-invariance principles hold, meaning the system's behavior and characteristics are constant over time.

The Kalman Filter is an algorithm that uses a series of measurements observed over time, containing statistical noise and other inaccuracies, and produces estimates of unknown variables that tend to be more accurate than those based on a single measurement alone.

Damping in control systems refers to the effect of reducing oscillations or vibrations in the system response, typically through dissipation of energy or incorporation of design elements that inhibit resonance.

PID stands for Proportional-Integral-Derivative, a control feedback mechanism that calculates an error value as the difference between a desired setpoint and a measured process variable to apply a correction based on proportional, integral, and derivative terms.

A Bode plot is a graphical representation of a linear time-invariant system transfer function, consisting of a magnitude plot and a phase plot, typically used in frequency domain analysis.

Ziegler-Nichols Tuning is a heuristic method for setting the parameters of a PID controller based on the system's step response by using specific rules to calculate the controller's settings (proportional gain, integral time, and derivative time).

In control systems, Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies within which the system operates effectively and is a measure of the speed with which the system can respond to changes.

Stability in control systems denotes the condition where the system returns to its steady state after a disturbance, with bounded input leading to bounded output (BIBO stability), and is a fundamental criterion for the design of controllers.

State-space representation is a mathematical model of a physical system as a set of input, output and state variables related by differential equations, used extensively in control systems design and analysis.

Root Locus is a graphical method for examining how the roots of a system change with variation of a certain system parameter, typically used for design and stability analysis in control systems.

Gain Margin refers to the amount by which the gain of a system can be increased before it reaches instability, measured as the reciprocal of the magnitude of the system's frequency response at the phase crossover frequency where the phase is -180 degrees.

In control systems, the Setpoint is the desired value of a controlled variable, such as temperature or velocity, which the control system aims to maintain through adjustments in its operating conditions.

An Observer is a type of estimator in control theory that is used to estimate the internal state of a system based on its outputs and a model of the system dynamics, when direct measurement of the state is not possible.

The transfer function of a linear system is a mathematical representation in the Laplace domain that describes the system's output response to an input signal as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output to the Laplace transform of the input, assuming zero initial conditions.

Phase Margin is the amount of additional phase lag at the gain crossover frequency (where the magnitude is unity) that would lead the system to become unstable, typically measured in degrees.

Hysteresis in control systems refers to the phenomenon wherein the system's response to increasing input differs from its response to decreasing input, resulting in a lagging effect often associated with physical properties such as friction or magnetic effects.

The Nyquist Criterion is a graphical method for determining the stability of a closed-loop control system by plotting the Nyquist plot and applying the Nyquist Stability Criterion to evaluate the encirclements of the critical point (-1,0).

Step Response is the time response of a system to a step input, characterized by parameters such as rise time, settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error, providing insight into system transient and steady-state performance.