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Heat Treatment of Metals

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Quenching

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Outcome: Increases hardness and strength, but can create brittleness. Applications: Often used to harden steel by producing a martensitic structure.

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Tempering

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Outcome: Reduces brittleness, restores ductility, and decreases residual stresses developed during quenching. Applications: Commonly applied to hardened steels to prepare them for actual use.

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Annealing

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Outcome: Reduces hardness, increases ductility, and relieves internal stresses. Applications: Used for improving machinability, facilitating cold working, and preparing the microstructure for subsequent operations.

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Normalizing

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Outcome: Refined grain structure, improved machinability, and homogenized microstructure. Applications: Ideal for forgings, castings, and weldments to improve their mechanical properties and enhance structural stability.

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