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Thermal Expansion

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Concrete

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Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE): Approximately 10imes106/°C10 imes 10^{-6} /°C. Concrete can crack due to thermal expansion, which is why expansion joints are critical in pavement and other structures.

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Copper

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Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE): Approximately 17imes106/°C17 imes 10^{-6} /°C. Copper's CTE means that it can expand significantly with heat, affecting electrical connections and plumbing systems.

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Aluminum

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Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE): Approximately 23imes106/°C23 imes 10^{-6} /°C. Aluminum's high thermal expansion rate can lead to significant dimensional changes, influencing design choices in structural and mechanical applications.

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Steel

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Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE): Approximately 12imes106/°C12 imes 10^{-6} /°C. Steel structures may expand or contract with temperature changes, potentially causing issues in connections and thermal stress if not properly accounted for.

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Glass

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Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE): Approximately 9imes106/°C9 imes 10^{-6} /°C. Glass cracking can occur if thermal stresses are not relieved, especially in applications like window panes exposed to sunlight.

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