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Environmental Studies and Earth Sciences

Environmental Chemistry

Alternative Fuels and Chemicals

Aerosols and Their Climate Impact

Atmospheric Gases and Their Functions

Biogeochemical Cycles

Atmospheric Layers and Their Roles

Chemical Indicators of Water Quality

Environmental Impact of Mining

Environmental Chemistry of Ozone Depletion

Endocrine Disruptors in the Environment

Effects of Climate Change on the Biosphere

Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being

Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming

Impact of Deforestation on the Environment

Introduction to Environmental Risk Assessment

Invasive Species and Ecosystem Impact

Major Air Pollutants

Marine Pollution and Control Measures

Natural Resources and Their Exploitation

Ocean Acidification

Pesticides and Bioaccumulation

Oil Spill Remediation Techniques

Toxic Heavy Metals and Their Effects

Water Treatment Chemicals

Recycling and Waste Management Strategies

Soil Contamination and Remediation

Solar Radiation and the Earth

Sustainable Energy Sources

Chemical Indicators of Water Quality

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Nitrate ( $NO_3^-$ )

Indicates nutrient pollution which can lead to eutrophication

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Reflects the amount of organic and inorganic substances in the water

Phosphate ( $PO_4^{3-}$ )

Indicates potential for eutrophication and algae blooms

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Reflects the capacity of water to support aquatic life

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Indicates organic pollution and the degree of water's ability to sustain life

Ammonia ( $NH_3$ )

Sign of organic matter decomposition and waste pollution

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Indicator of fecal contamination and the potential presence of pathogens

Describes how acidic or alkaline the water is, affecting aquatic life and water chemistry

Chloride ( $Cl^-$ )

Indicator of saltwater intrusion, road salt, and sewage

Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

Signals the presence of organic compounds which can affect taste, odor, and treatment processes

Conductivity

Measures the water's ability to conduct electricity, which correlates with the concentration of ions

Heavy Metals (e.g., $Pb^{2+}$ , $Hg^{2+}$ , $As^{3+}$ )

Sign of potential toxic pollution, which poses a risk to human health and the environment

Oil and Grease

Suggests contamination from industrial discharges, urban runoff, or oil spills

Copper ( $Cu^{2+}$ )

Indicates potential corrosive water or pollution from copper pipes and industrial activities

Total Coliform

Indicator of sanitary quality of water and potential presence of pathogens

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Indicates the presence of a variety of minerals and salts in the water

Sulfate ( $SO_4^{2-}$ )

Points to possible industrial discharges or natural mineral dissolution

Nitrite ( $NO_2^-$ )

Indicator of water pollution and can signify nearness to pollution sources

Turbidity

Reflects the clarity of water and the presence of suspended particles

Silica ( $SiO_2$ )

Can indicate the wear of water distribution system and the presence of certain diatoms

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