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Oceans absorb CO2 directly from human activities, which increases the formation of carbonic acid and leads to a decrease in pH, adversely impacting marine ecosystems by making water more acidic.

Volcanic eruptions release CO2 and sulfur compounds, leading to increased CO2 in ocean waters, further acidification, and possible disruptions to marine life, particularly those dependent on carbonate ions.

Deforestation reduces the number of trees that can absorb CO2, leading to higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations that, when absorbed by oceans, cause acidification, impacting organisms' ability to form shells and skeletons.

The destruction of seagrasses and other marine plants reduces carbon sequestration in ocean ecosystems, leading to increased CO2 levels and ocean acidification, which threatens the biodiversity of marine habitats.

Cement manufacturing releases significant CO2, increasing atmospheric levels which ocean waters absorb, leading to decreased pH and difficulties for marine life to maintain calcium carbonate structures.

Overfishing disrupts the marine food web, potentially leading to increased CO2 from the altered ocean biomass and respiration balance, contributing to acidification and affecting the survival of marine species.

The uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the oceans increases the concentration of carbonic acid, lowering the pH and affecting marine life by reducing the availability of carbonate ions needed for calcification.

The extraction and burning of fossil fuels release CO2, raising atmospheric levels which the ocean absorbs, causing acidification and impacting marine life through shifts in carbonate chemistry necessary for skeletal formation.

Marine respiration processes release CO2 into ocean water, contributing to the acidification process and decreasing pH levels, thus affecting marine ecosystems by potentially altering the respiratory efficiency of organisms.

Elevated sea temperatures caused by global warming can decrease the solubility of gases, leading to less CO2 absorption by oceans, but also potentially causing the release of CO2 from warming waters, complicating the effect on acidification.

Thawing permafrost releases trapped CO2 and methane, increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which can lead to increased ocean acidification as more CO2 is absorbed by seawater, affecting ecosystem functions.