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Forest genomics involves the study of the genetic makeup of forest species using advanced DNA sequencing technologies. This knowledge facilitates the discovery of genes responsible for important traits and can be applied to accelerate tree breeding and conservation strategies.

Clonal forestry is a practice of planting trees derived from a single genotype by vegetative propagation. This method ensures uniformity and can capture high genetic gains, leading to increased productivity and consistent quality in commercial forestry.

Seed orchards are managed to produce genetically superior seeds for reforestation or afforestation projects. Management practices aim to maximize genetic gain and include roguing, controlled pollination, and selection of superior genotypes.

Hybrid vigor refers to the phenomenon where the offspring of genetically diverse parents exhibit greater growth, yield, resistance, or adaptability than either parent. This is used in tree breeding to produce superior tree hybrids for various forestry applications.

Crossbreeding and hybridization involve mating two genetically distinct tree species or populations to combine desirable traits from both. This method is used in forestry to develop new tree varieties with improved growth, adaptability, and resistance to stresses.

The genotype by environment interaction occurs when different genotypes respond differently to environmental conditions. In forestry, understanding this interaction is critical for selecting tree varieties that will perform well under specific climatic and soil conditions.

Conservation genetics focuses on the study and preservation of genetic diversity within forest species, essential for maintaining ecosystem health. It informs management practices, such as establishing protected areas or restoring genetic variability to depleted populations.

Phenotypic selection involves choosing individuals for breeding based on observable traits, without genetic testing. Though less precise than molecular methods, it's cost-effective and widely used in tree breeding to improve characteristics like growth rate and timber quality.

QTL mapping identifies the specific regions of the genome that are associated with quantitative traits such as height, yield, or drought tolerance. In forestry, QTL mapping aids in tree breeding by enabling marker-assisted selection, speeding up the breeding process.

Marker-assisted selection involves using molecular markers to select individuals with desirable traits, often based on QTL information. This technique accelerates the breeding cycle and improves the efficiency of selecting high-performance trees for forestry applications.

Molecular breeding utilizes molecular biology tools to create and select tree genotypes with desired traits. This approach can significantly reduce the breeding cycle time and enhances the precision of tree improvement programs.

Provenance trials test the performance of tree species or genotypes when grown in different geographic locations. This helps in understanding local adaptation and in the selection of tree varieties best suited for specific environments, ultimately improving forestry yields and conservation efforts.

Heritability is a measure of how much of the variation in a trait can be attributed to genetic differences among individuals. In tree breeding, heritability estimates help in selecting traits that can be effectively passed on to the next generation, such as growth rate or timber quality.

Genetic diversity refers to the variation of genes within a species. It is crucial for the adaptability and survival of species, allowing forests to be resilient to environmental changes, pests, and diseases. In forestry, conserving genetic diversity ensures sustainable tree populations and productivity.