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Symptoms: Bleeding cankers on trunks, leaf blight. Causative agent: Phytophthora ramorum. Management methods: Quarantines, removing infected material, phosphonate treatments.

Symptoms: Cankers on bark, tree death. Causative agent: Cryphonectria parasitica. Management methods: Breeding resistant trees, hypovirulence, biological control with viruses.

Symptoms: Olive green to black lesions on leaves and fruit. Causative agent: Venturia inaequalis. Management methods: Fungicide applications, resistant cultivars, proper sanitation.

Symptoms: Wilting leaves, branch dieback. Causative agent: Ophiostoma ulmi. Management methods: Sanitation pruning, chemical treatments, resistant tree varieties.

Symptoms: Bark scaling, canker formation. Causative agent: Combination of beech scale insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) and Neonectria fungi. Management methods: Preventive insecticide treatments, removing infested trees, promoting tree health.

Symptoms: Yellowing needles, resinous cankers on stems, premature needle drop. Causative agent: Cronartium ribicola. Management methods: Removal of alternate hosts (currants and gooseberries), rust-resistant tree strains, appropriate pruning.

Symptoms: Rapid wilting, browning needles, tree death. Causative agent: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wood nematode). Management methods: Removal of infected trees, use of nematicides, breeding resistant pine species.

Symptoms: Red-brown banding on needles, defoliation. Causative agent: Dothistroma septosporum. Management methods: Fungicide sprays, resistant varieties, removing infected debris.

Symptoms: Decline in tree health, white fungal growth under bark, dark rhizomorphs at base. Causative agent: Armillaria spp. Management methods: Improving site conditions, removal of infected trees, stump and root removal to prevent spread.

Symptoms: Stunted growth, chlorosis, wilting. Causative agent: Phytophthora spp. Management methods: Good drainage, use of fungicides, planting resistant species.

Symptoms: Dark, sunken lesions on leaves, stem, fruit. Causative agent: Various fungi in the genus Colletotrichum. Management methods: Fungicide treatments, pruning for air circulation, resistant cultivars.

Symptoms: Yellowing foliage, wilted branches, vascular discoloration. Causative agent: Fusarium spp. Management methods: Soil sterilization, resistant tree varieties, crop rotation.

Symptoms: Yellow or orange jelly-like galls on cedar, leaf spots on apple. Causative agent: Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae. Management methods: Removal of alternate host plants, fungicide sprays, rust-resistant varieties.

Symptoms: Scorched appearance of branches, oozing cankers, wilted blossoms. Causative agent: Erwinia amylovora bacteria. Management methods: Pruning of infected branches, antibiotic sprays, breeding for resistance.