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Higher levels can enhance photosynthesis, known as CO2 fertilization effect.

Tree growth rates change over life cycle, with faster growth in youth and slower as they mature.

Amount of light received, driving photosynthesis rates and energy production for growth.

Can lead to leaf damage, reduced photosynthesis and impaired growth due to toxic substances.

Competition with other plants can lead to reduced availability of sunlight, nutrients, and water.

Determines species-specific growth rates, size, form, and adaptability to environmental conditions.

Optimal ranges facilitate enzymatic processes and metabolism, while extremes can limit growth.

Higher elevations can limit growth due to reduced temperatures, lower oxygen, and increased UV radiation.

Involves the access to adequate moisture, crucial for photosynthesis and nutrient transport.

Can cause physical damage, desiccation, and increased transpiration rates, stressing the tree.

Infestations and infections can cause defoliation, dieback, and interrupt nutrient transport.