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Higher elevations can limit growth due to reduced temperatures, lower oxygen, and increased UV radiation.

Tree growth rates change over life cycle, with faster growth in youth and slower as they mature.

Involves the access to adequate moisture, crucial for photosynthesis and nutrient transport.

Can lead to leaf damage, reduced photosynthesis and impaired growth due to toxic substances.

Amount of light received, driving photosynthesis rates and energy production for growth.

Higher levels can enhance photosynthesis, known as CO2 fertilization effect.

Refers to fertility and structure, impacting nutrient availability and root development.

Optimal ranges facilitate enzymatic processes and metabolism, while extremes can limit growth.

Can cause physical damage, desiccation, and increased transpiration rates, stressing the tree.

Infestations and infections can cause defoliation, dieback, and interrupt nutrient transport.

Determines species-specific growth rates, size, form, and adaptability to environmental conditions.