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Refers to fertility and structure, impacting nutrient availability and root development.

Involves the access to adequate moisture, crucial for photosynthesis and nutrient transport.

Amount of light received, driving photosynthesis rates and energy production for growth.

Optimal ranges facilitate enzymatic processes and metabolism, while extremes can limit growth.

Higher levels can enhance photosynthesis, known as CO2 fertilization effect.

Higher elevations can limit growth due to reduced temperatures, lower oxygen, and increased UV radiation.

Can cause physical damage, desiccation, and increased transpiration rates, stressing the tree.

Can lead to leaf damage, reduced photosynthesis and impaired growth due to toxic substances.

Determines species-specific growth rates, size, form, and adaptability to environmental conditions.

Competition with other plants can lead to reduced availability of sunlight, nutrients, and water.

Tree growth rates change over life cycle, with faster growth in youth and slower as they mature.