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CSP uses mirrors to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a small area. Electrical power is produced when the concentrated light is converted to heat, which drives a heat engine (usually a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power generator.

Floating solar panels, or 'floatovoltaics', are installed on bodies of water to generate electricity, minimizing land use and benefiting from the cooling effect of the water.

Solar PV technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconducting materials, often represented by the equation $P = A \cdot G \cdot \eta$ where $P$ is the electrical power, $A$ is the area, $G$ is the solar radiation, and $\eta$ is the efficiency of the PV cells.

Biofuels are derived from biomass and can be used in combustion engines or fuel cells to generate power. Common types include bioethanol and biodiesel.

Tidal energy is harnessed from the rise and fall of sea levels due to tides, often using turbines or barrages to convert the kinetic energy of moving water into electrical power.

Solar air heaters are designed to heat air using solar power which can then be used to warm buildings, utilizing absorptive surfaces to collect solar radiation and transfer the heat to air.

Solar water heaters use the sun's energy to heat water for domestic use, involving collectors that absorb and transfer solar thermal energy to the water.

OTEC exploits the temperature differences between the warmer surface water and colder deep water of the ocean to produce electricity, using a heat engine to generate power from this temperature gradient.

Biomass energy involves burning organic materials (wood, crops, algae) to release stored energy as heat, which can then be used to produce electricity, often through a steam turbine.

This method generates electricity from the mechanical stress applied to certain materials, utilizing the piezoelectric effect to convert kinetic energy from vibrations into electric power.

Wind turbines convert kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power. There is an equation for wind power potential: $P = \frac{1}{2} \rho A v^3$, where $\rho$ is air density, $A$ is the rotor area, and $v$ is the wind velocity.

Hydropower uses flowing water to generate electricity. The power produced can be calculated by the equation $P = \rho g h Q$, where $\rho$ is the water density, $g$ is the gravitational constant, $h$ is the height difference, and $Q$ is the flow rate.

Fuel cells, often using hydrogen, convert chemical potential energy into electrical energy through a reaction between a fuel source and an oxidant, with water and heat as byproducts.

Geothermal energy harnesses heat from the Earth's interior for heating and power generation, often via steam turbines that are driven by hot water and steam from underground reservoirs.

Solar cookers use the sun's energy to cook food, involving reflective materials to concentrate sunlight on a cooking container, converting light into heat.

Wave energy is derived from the motion of surface water waves and is captured by energy converters that turn kinetic and potential energy into electricity.

This technology harnesses the energy of small water flows for local, small-scale power generation, often without a dam, using the flow of river or stream water to spin a turbine.

Biogas is produced by the anaerobic digestion of organic matter such as animal manure and crop residues. It can be used for heating, electricity generation, or as a vehicle fuel.

Micro wind turbines are small-scale turbines used for individual homes or small communities, providing onsite power generation with minimal environmental impact.