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Gait Analysis Fundamentals

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Stride Length

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Key features: Distance between two successive placements of the same foot. Clinical significance: Can be affected by leg length, strength, and flexibility; may be asymmetrical in pathological gait.

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Terminal Swing

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Key features: Knee extends; limb prepares for contact. Clinical significance: Sets up the limb for initial contact; requires proper timing and control.

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Stance Phase

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Key features: Begins with initial contact, ends with toe-off. Clinical significance: Involves weight bearing and stability, critical for locomotion.

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Midstance

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Key features: Body weight moves directly over the stance limb. Clinical significance: The point at which the body is supported by one leg; key for balance.

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Midswing

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Key features: Limb advances ahead of the body. Clinical significance: Requires hip flexor strength for proper limb advancement.

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Toe Off

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Key features: Forefoot leaves the ground, ending the stance phase. Clinical significance: Essential for propulsion; requires adequate foot and ankle strength.

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Terminal Stance

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Key features: Heel rises as the body moves ahead. Clinical significance: Prepares the limb for swing phase and requires calf strength.

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Initial Swing

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Key features: Thigh begins to advance as foot lifts off. Clinical significance: Involves clearance of the foot from the ground and is susceptible to tripping if timing is off.

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Cadence

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Key features: Number of steps taken per minute. Clinical significance: Relates to the rhythm of the gait; abnormal cadence can reflect pathology or fatigue.

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Initial Contact

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Key features: Moment foot touches the ground, usually with heel first. Clinical significance: Marks the beginning of the stance phase and is critical for shock absorption.

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Walking Speed

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Key features: Velocity of walking, often measured in meters per second. Clinical significance: Integrates both cadence and stride length; can be an overall indicator of functional ability.

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Foot Flat

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Key features: Entire foot comes in contact with the ground. Clinical significance: Allows for full foot loading, distributing weight for stability and balance.

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Swing Phase

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Key features: Begins with toe-off, ends with next initial contact. Clinical significance: Foot advancement and clearance, requiring coordination and muscle control.

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Base of Support

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Key features: Width between the feet when walking. Clinical significance: A wider base can indicate balance issues; typically wider in pathological gaits.

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Step Length

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Key features: Distance between the placement of one foot and the next foot. Clinical significance: Unequal step lengths can indicate a gait abnormality.

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Loading Response

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Key features: Weight is transferred onto the leading limb. Clinical significance: Important for weight bearing and stability, with a potential for limb collapse if weak.

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Heel Strike

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Key features: Initial contact of heel with the ground. Clinical significance: Critical for shock absorption and normal gait initiation.

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Pre-swing

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Key features: Rapid unloading of the stance limb. Clinical significance: Transition phase where the foot prepares to leave the ground, requiring coordination.

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Double Limb Support

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Key features: Occurs at beginning and end of stance phase. Clinical significance: Provides stability during gait but shortens in faster walking or running.

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Single Limb Support

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Key features: One limb supports body weight during stance phase. Clinical significance: Indicates balance and strength; weak or impaired limb may lead to gait deviations.

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