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Approximately 4500-1900 BCE; Developed cuneiform writing, ziggurats, and city-states

Founded by Phoenician settlers around 814 BCE; Known for commercial empire and conflicts with Rome in the Punic Wars

27 BCE-476 CE; Expansion across three continents, development of civil law, and significant architectural achievements like aqueducts

626-539 BCE; Known for the Hanging Gardens and the conquest of the Kingdom of Judah

Circa 2000 BCE to 16th century CE; Had a complex writing system and calendars, and excelled in mathematics and astronomy

13th to 16th centuries CE; Built the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, notable for roads and Quechua language

Circa 3100-332 BCE; Known for pyramids, hieroglyphics, and pharaohs

Approximately 1500-400 BCE; Known for their colossal head sculptures and the Mesoamerican ballgame

Approximately 550-330 BCE; Known for the Royal Road, Zoroastrianism, and tolerant governance

Around 1500-300 BCE; Sailors and traders, created an alphabet, and established colonies like Carthage

Approximately 1st century BCE to 7th century CE; Known for the Pyramid of the Sun and astronomical alignments

Approximately 3300-1300 BCE; Notable for urban planning, sophisticated drainage systems, and undeciphered script

Circa 3000-1100 BCE; Known for the palace at Knossos, frescoes, and possible thalassocracy

14th to 16th centuries CE; Known for Tenochtitlan, human sacrifices, and extensive trade networks

Another name for the Indus Valley Civilization; See corresponding flashcard for details

Approximately 1600-1100 BCE; Known for Cyclopean masonry and Linear B script

Around 2100-221 BCE; Inventions include paper, compass, and gunpowder; Dynasty rule

Circa 1600-1178 BCE; First to smelt iron, engaged in chariot warfare, and had a legal code

Circa 2500-609 BCE; Famous for military prowess, extensive libraries, and monumental architecture