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Lost Languages and Scripts
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Etruscan
The writing system of the ancient Etruscan civilization. Although we can read it phonetically due to its use of a variant of the Greek alphabet, the meaning of the language is only partially understood.
Cuneiform
One of the earliest systems of writing, invented by the Sumerians. Decipherment began in the 19th century, with notable contributions from Henry Rawlinson.
Linear B
An ancient script used by the Mycenaean civilization, deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1952. It was used for recording economic transactions and was the earliest known form of written Greek.
Hieroglyphics
Ancient Egyptian writing system consisting of logographic and alphabetic elements. Decipherment began with the finding of the Rosetta Stone and was significantly advanced by Jean-François Champollion in the 1820s.
Indus Script
An undeciphered script used by the Indus Valley Civilization. Numerous attempts at decipherment have been made, but its full interpretation remains elusive.
Olmec script
A script used by the Olmec civilization which is still largely undeciphered. The Cascajal Block is one of the most famous artifacts bearing this script.
Linear A
An undeciphered writing system that predates Linear B, used by the Minoan civilization. It is thought to have been used primarily for religious and administrative purposes.
Rongorongo
A system of glyphs discovered on Easter Island that remains undeciphered. It is believed to have been a form of writing or proto-writing.
Maya script
The most sophisticated and highly developed writing system of pre-Columbian Americas. Significant progress in its decipherment was made during the 20th century, revealing a combination of logographic and syllabic symbols.
Phaistos Disc
A disc from the Minoan civilization bearing stamped symbols that create a spiral text. Its purpose and meaning remain a mystery and a subject of speculation.
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