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Developed Pythagorean theorem, contributed to mathematics and theory of harmonics, Pythagoreanism.

Philosophy of being, argued change is an illusion, Eleatic school.

Theory of the four classical elements, cosmic cycle and theories of perception.

Sophist philosopher known for nihilism, persuasion and rhetoric, believed nothing exists.

Founded Epicureanism, philosophy based on seeking modest pleasure to attain a state of tranquility and freedom from fear.

Developed atomic theory of the universe, ethical theory based on cheerful acceptance of life.

Prominent figure in Cynicism, advocated for simple living and self-sufficiency, disdain for social conventions.

Introduced notion of Nous (mind or intellect) as ordering force, developed theory of cosmogony.

Founder of Stoicism, philosophy based on the idea that virtue is the highest good.

Doctrine of change being central to the universe, believed in the unity of opposites, Logos.

Developed Socratic method, foundations of Western philosophy, ethical system based on human reason.

Known for paradoxes, particularly concerning motion and multiplicity, Eleatic school.

Theory of Forms, Platonic idealism, founded the Academy in Athens.

Empirical approach to observation, theories on various sciences, founder of the Lyceum.