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Developed Socratic method, foundations of Western philosophy, ethical system based on human reason.

Theory of Forms, Platonic idealism, founded the Academy in Athens.

Empirical approach to observation, theories on various sciences, founder of the Lyceum.

Developed Pythagorean theorem, contributed to mathematics and theory of harmonics, Pythagoreanism.

Doctrine of change being central to the universe, believed in the unity of opposites, Logos.

Philosophy of being, argued change is an illusion, Eleatic school.

Developed atomic theory of the universe, ethical theory based on cheerful acceptance of life.

Known for paradoxes, particularly concerning motion and multiplicity, Eleatic school.

Theory of the four classical elements, cosmic cycle and theories of perception.

Introduced notion of Nous (mind or intellect) as ordering force, developed theory of cosmogony.

Founded Epicureanism, philosophy based on seeking modest pleasure to attain a state of tranquility and freedom from fear.

Founder of Stoicism, philosophy based on the idea that virtue is the highest good.

Asserted that 'Man is the measure of all things', pioneer of relativism, Sophist.

Sophist philosopher known for nihilism, persuasion and rhetoric, believed nothing exists.