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Introduced notion of Nous (mind or intellect) as ordering force, developed theory of cosmogony.

Philosophy of being, argued change is an illusion, Eleatic school.

Founder of Stoicism, philosophy based on the idea that virtue is the highest good.

Empirical approach to observation, theories on various sciences, founder of the Lyceum.

Developed atomic theory of the universe, ethical theory based on cheerful acceptance of life.

Sophist philosopher known for nihilism, persuasion and rhetoric, believed nothing exists.

Theory of Forms, Platonic idealism, founded the Academy in Athens.

Doctrine of change being central to the universe, believed in the unity of opposites, Logos.

Founded Epicureanism, philosophy based on seeking modest pleasure to attain a state of tranquility and freedom from fear.

Developed Pythagorean theorem, contributed to mathematics and theory of harmonics, Pythagoreanism.

Known for paradoxes, particularly concerning motion and multiplicity, Eleatic school.

Prominent figure in Cynicism, advocated for simple living and self-sufficiency, disdain for social conventions.

Developed Socratic method, foundations of Western philosophy, ethical system based on human reason.

Theory of the four classical elements, cosmic cycle and theories of perception.