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An early and foundational model for neural networks introduced by Frank Rosenblatt in 1958.

A question-answering computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language, which won on Jeopardy! in 2011.

Programs designed to simulate human-like conversation using AI, which have become increasingly sophisticated since ELIZA in 1966, with advancements like GPT-3.

A chess-playing computer developed by IBM that defeated world champion Garry Kasparov in 1997.

A virtual assistant part of Apple Inc.'s iOS, watchOS, and tvOS operating systems, introduced in 2011.

AI systems that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert, with DENDRAL in 1965 being one of the first examples.

An early natural language processing computer program created by Joseph Weizenbaum in 1966, simulating a psychotherapist.

An area of machine learning focused on how agents ought to take actions in an environment to maximize the notion of cumulative reward, with substantial advancements in the 2010s.

The field of AI that focuses on the interaction between computers and humans through natural language, which has seen huge progress with models like transformers and BERT.

An annual competition where algorithms compete to correctly classify and detect objects and scenes, the most significant milestone being in 2012 with the introduction of deep convolutional neural networks.

A method of pre-training language representations introduced by Google AI Language researchers in 2018.

An approach to machine translation that uses large neural networks, significantly improving translation quality since its rise in the 2010s.

Vehicles equipped with AI technology that can drive themselves without human intervention, with major public road testing starting in the 2010s.

An extension of the World Wide Web to facilitate data sharing and reuse across application, enterprise, and community boundaries, envisioned by Tim Berners-Lee in 2001. AI plays a major role in enabling machines to understand web content.

Algorithms that enable computers to learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data, which became mainstream in the technological boom of the 21st century.

The interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and others. AI has been significantly applied in robotics, notably with the DARPA Grand Challenge for autonomous vehicles starting in 2004.

Periods of reduced funding and interest in artificial intelligence research. Notable AI winters occurred in the mid-1970s, late 1980s, and early 1990s.

A class of machine learning frameworks designed by Ian Goodfellow and his colleagues in 2014, where two neural networks contest with each other.

A test for determining whether a computer can demonstrate human-like intelligence, proposed by Alan Turing in 1950.