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A technique for determining the order of nucleotides in DNA and RNA molecules by passing them through a nanopore. Gained popularity in the 2010s.

Electronic devices able to control the flow of electrical current in a circuit on the nanoscale. Became practical in the early 2000s with the development of sub-100 nm transistors.

The use of nanoparticles as carriers for drugs to improve the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of the drug. Began to gain attention in the 2000s.

A process by which molecules adopt a defined arrangement without guidance or management from an outside source. Identified in the late 20th century.

Materials that incorporate nanoscale particles into a matrix to improve its mechanical, thermal, or electrical properties. Gained traction in the 1990s.

Devices integrating electrical and mechanical functionality on the nanoscale. First realized in the late 1990s to early 2000s.

A vapor phase technique for depositing thin films one layer at a time. Introduced in 1970s.

The design and manufacture of artificial nucleic acid structures for technological uses. Pioneered in the early 1980s.

The study and application of fluid flow in and around nanosize objects. Emerged in the early 2000s.

A branch of nanotechnology concerned with the study and application of fabricating nanometer-scale structures. Began to emerge in the late 1990s.

Microscale cantilevers that are sensitive to chemical or biological stimuli. Came into use in the 1990s.

The technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the scale of a nanometer. Conceptualized in the late 20th century.

Hollow tubes of carbon with exceptional strength and electrical conductivity. Introduced in 1991.

The study and application of light at the nanoscale. Became a significant field in the 2000s.

A class of materials characterized by their extremely low density and thermal conductivity. Major developments in nanoporous aerogels occurred in the late 1980s.

Semiconductor particles that exhibit quantum mechanical properties. Introduced in the 1980s.

A type of nanoparticle consisting of a dielectric core coated with a thin metallic shell. Introduced in the late 1990s.

Nanoparticles composed of magnetic elements, such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, their chemical compounds, or doped nanoparticles. Mainly applied from the 2000s onwards.

Synthetically manufactured nanoscale polymers with a tree-like structure. First reported in 1985.