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A form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power. Key developments include the first tidal power station at La Rance in France, operational since 1966, and the emerging technology of tidal stream generators.

Hydrogen produced via electrolysis using renewable energy sources, with no greenhouse gas emissions in the production process. Key developments include advancements in electrolyzer technology and the scaling up of green hydrogen production facilities.

The use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electric power. Key developments include the use of windmills in ancient Persia and the modern horizontal-axis wind turbines developed in the 20th century.

A technology which uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight, or solar thermal energy, onto a small area. Key developments include the SEGS CSP facility in California and the innovation in thermoelectric materials.

Harnessing solar energy by converting sunlight to heat energy, typically used in solar water heating systems. Key developments include the commercialization of solar thermal collectors and the integration of thermal storage systems.

Conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Key developments include the creation of silicon photovoltaic cells in 1954 and the deployment of solar panels on spacecraft such as the Vanguard 1 satellite.

Energy generation based on the temperature difference between warmer surface water and colder deep seawater. Key developments include the first OTEC plant on the island of Nauru in 1981 and improvements in heat exchanger technology.

Heat energy generated and stored in the Earth. Key developments include the installation of the first geothermal power plant at Larderello, Italy, in 1911 and the advancement of enhanced geothermal systems.

Organic material that comes from plants and animals, and it is a renewable source of energy. Key developments include the historical use of wood for cooking and heating and the modern production of biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.

A renewable energy storage method that uses gravitational potential energy. Key developments include the use of mineshafts and deep water to store energy and the concept of gravity batteries with solid mass.

A renewable energy source that uses algae as its raw material for biofuel production. Key developments include the enhancement of lipid extraction techniques and the creation of genetically modified algae strains to increase yield.

Derived from the energy of falling water or fast running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Key developments include the ancient water wheel and the modern hydroelectric dam, such as the Hoover Dam completed in 1936.

Also known as biomethane, produced from organic materials such as waste from plants and animals. Key developments include the capture of methane gas from landfills and the upgrading of biogas to natural gas standards.

Solar panels mounted on floating platforms on bodies of water, especially reservoirs and lakes. Key developments include the launch of large-scale floating photovoltaic power stations and advancements in the durability of floating structures.