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Established the Carolingian Renaissance, United much of Western Europe, Crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800 A.D.

Led the Norman Conquest of England, Commissioned the Domesday Book, His reign marks the beginning of the Norman rule in England

Participated in the Second Crusade, Influential in the courts of France and England, Mother to two English Kings: Richard I and John

Called 'stupor mundi', Promoter of science and the arts, Held power over the Kingdom of Sicily and Jerusalem

Unified the Mongolian steppe, Established the largest contiguous empire in history, Developed a code of law called Yassa

Famous as a military leader and warrior, Major figure in the Third Crusade, Developed the concept of the chivalric knight

Victory at the Battle of Agincourt, Continued the Hundred Years' War, Promoted the use of English over French in government

Famous for opposing the Crusaders, Recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders, Known for his chivalry and generosity

Ended the Mongol domination of the Duchy of Moscow, Known as Ivan the Great, Laid the foundation for the Russian state

Presided over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power, Reformed the empire's legal system, Patron of arts and architecture

Expanded French territories, Triumphed over English forces at the Battle of Bouvines, Strong and centralised the French monarchy

First woman to be monarch of Naples, Faced challenges from male relatives over her rule, Patronized the arts, including Petrarch and Boccaccio

Conquered Wales and brought it under English rule, Reorganized the English legal system, Known for his tall stature and military campaigns against the Scots

Modernized the Russian army, Established the city of St. Petersburg, Introduced Western technology and culture to Russia