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The Black Death is believed to have originated in Asia and was spread by fleas living on black rats that were common on ships. Resulting changes include the realization of the importance of sanitation and efforts to improve public health.

The Black Death killed an estimated 75-200 million people, accounting for 30-60% of Europe's population at the time. The massive population loss resulted in labor shortages and increased wages for workers.

The Black Death's reduction in population led to a surplus of goods, a decline in prices, and a shift from a land-based economy to a money-based one. This change later contributed to the end of feudalism.

The Black Death led to a decline in the influence of the Church as it failed to provide relief from the plague, which prompted questioning of its authority and a rise in secularism.

The devastation of the plague led to social unrest and uprisings, such as the Peasants Revolt in England (1381), demanding better wages and working conditions.

The Black Death influenced the arts, leading to macabre themes that reflected society's preoccupation with death. This period also saw increased patronage of the arts as a means to remember the dead.

The Black Death spurred the medical community to seek better understanding of disease and spurred advancements in medical knowledge and practices, including the development of quarantines.