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Established as the new capital of the Roman Empire, it solidified the shift of power to the East and the beginning of Byzantine history.

Expanded the empire to its greatest size, initiated ambitious building projects, and codified Roman law with the Corpus Juris Civilis.

A period of religious conflict and division over the use of religious images, it affected the unity and strength of the empire.

Defeat against the Seljuk Turks in 1071, leading to the loss of much of Anatolia and the start of the empire's decline.

Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204, fragmenting the empire and establishing the Latin Empire.

A period of military and economic recovery during the 12th century, initiated by Alexios I Komnenos after years of decline.

His reign led to the zenith of Byzantine territorial expansion, stability, and the establishment of the medieval theme system.

The capture by the Ottoman Turks marked the end of the Byzantine Empire.

A devastating riot nearly toppled Justinian I's reign but resulted in the rebuilding of Constantinople, including the Hagia Sophia.

A cultural renaissance during the 9th to the 11th centuries featuring an outpouring of art, literature, and learning in the empire.

A military and administrative division of the empire that allowed for localized defense and administration, contributing to the empire's longevity.