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Narratology and Narrative Theory
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Fabula and Sjuzhet
Terms from Russian Formalism: Fabula refers to the chronological sequence of events, while Sjuzhet refers to how these events are presented in the narrative.
Homodiegetic Narrator
A narrator who is also a character within the story he or she is telling, thus providing an internal perspective.
Heteroglossia
A concept from Mikhail Bakhtin signifying the multi-voicedness of a text and the interaction of these various voices.
Characterization
The process by which an author conveys information about characters in a narrative, including their personality, actions, and values.
Narrative Frequency
How often certain events are reported in a narrative, which can affect the emphasis and perceived importance of these events.
Plot
The sequence of events that make up a story, determined by the causal and logical structure connecting the events.
Narrative Structure
The organized framework or order of elements in a story, including plot, characters, setting, and narrative point of view.
Focalization
The perspective through which a narrative is presented, including who is seeing and processing events within the story.
Consideration of Closure
The degree to which a narrative satisfies all expectations and questions raised, providing a definitive end.
Heterodiegetic Narrator
A narrator who is external to the story they narrate, not a character within the fictional world of the text.
Frame Narrative
A story within a story, where an introductory or main narrative sets the stage for a more emphasized second narrative.
Narrative Mood
The atmosphere or emotional setting created by the way a narrative is told, which may reflect the narrator's attitude or the overall tone of the story.
Paul Ricoeur
A French philosopher best known for combining phenomenological description with hermeneutics in his theory of narrative identity.
Anachrony
A term for when events in a story are presented out of chronological order or with non-linear time sequences.
Gerard Genette
A French literary theorist known for structuralist analysis of narratives, introducing concepts like focalization and narrative levels.
Vladimir Propp
A Soviet folklorist and scholar who analyzed the basic plot components of Russian folk tales to identify their simplest irreducible narrative elements.
Paratext
The materials that surround the main text (e.g., prefaces, introductions, illustrations) and contribute to shaping the reception and interpretation of the main text.
Narratology
The study of narrative structure and how it affects our perception. It looks at narratives across disciplines, including literature, film, and history.
Roland Barthes
A French literary critic and semiotician who applied structuralist and post-structuralist theories to the analysis of narratives in texts.
Unreliable Narrator
A narrator whose credibility is seriously compromised, often enhancing the sense of mystery or character development within a narrative.
Mimesis
A term meaning the imitation or representation of aspects of the sensible world, especially human actions, in literature and art.
Mikhail Bakhtin
A Russian philosopher and literary critic noted for his analysis of the social and moral implications of the polyphonous novel.
Diegesis
The narrative world including characters, events, and settings that a narrator refers to within the storytelling process.
Narrative Pace
The speed at which a story is told, which can affect the audience's emotional engagement and perception of time within the narrative.
Intradiegetic Level
Refers to elements within the story-world itself, such as characters and events, as opposed to external or framing elements.
Narrative Closure
The completion of a narrative arc or storyline, giving readers a sense of resolution.
Tzvetan Todorov
A literary critic and philosopher known for his work on the fantastic and the categorization of literature into genres based on structuralist methodology.
Extradiegetic Level
A level of narrative that exists outside the main story, providing a framing or commentary on the main narrative.
Metanarrative
A narrative about narratives of historical meaning, experience, or knowledge, which offers a society legitimation through the anticipated completion of a (as yet unrealized) master idea.
Stream of Consciousness
A narrative mode that attempts to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings that pass through the mind of a narrator.
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