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James is known for his psychological insight, subtle examination of personal consciousness, and exploration of the interactions between Americans and Europeans.

Turgenev's Realist novels examine the conflicts between generations and classes, particularly the emerging Russian intelligentsia.

Dreiser's Naturalism depicts the brutal forces of nature and society that shape individuals, highlighting issues such as poverty and the quest for power.

Crane's Naturalist writing reveals the harshness of life and the indifference of nature, often focusing on poverty, war, and the human condition.

Wharton's work is marked by her incisive portrayal of the upper class, moral conflict, and the constraints of society on individual desires.

Gaskell's work often tackles social issues and class divisions, bringing a nuanced and empathetic perspective to Realist literature.

Eliot's novels, written under a male pen name, are marked by their comprehensive realism, moral philosophy, and deep psychological insight.

His short stories and novels blend Realism and Naturalism, often portraying the emotional isolation and small-town life of America.

Fontane's Realist novels capture Prussian society, highlighting social structures and the dilemmas faced by individuals within them.

Flaubert's writing is characterized by his objective narration, precise word choice, and exploration of everyday life, significant for his pursuit of literary perfection.

A Realist in both his journalism and literature, he gave a vivid sense of American experience with simplicity, energy, and unaffected vernacular.

London's literature often focuses on the theme of survival and the primacy of nature, showcasing elements of Naturalism.

Sinclair's muckraking tendencies in his work target injustices and corrupt systems, blending Naturalism with a clear agenda for socio-economic reforms.

Wharton explores themes of social class and mobility with a blend of Realist and Naturalist elements in late 19th and early 20th-century settings.

Tolstoy is known for his detailed depictions of Russian life, moral questions, and exhaustive exploration of character psychology.

Norris's writing typifies Naturalism with its focus on the animalistic aspects of human behavior and the deterministic influences of society.

His writing, while not entirely realist, includes aspects of the genre such as detailed characterization, social criticism, and his exploration of urban life in Victorian England.

Chopin's writing is known for its exploration of women's lives within the constraints of societal norms, often featuring protagonists experiencing awakening freedoms.

As the father of Naturalism, Zola's writing focuses on the influence of environment, heredity, and social conditions on characters, often highlighting the squalor and struggles of the working class.

Steinbeck's Naturalistic work focuses on the plight of the poor, dispossessed, and the downtrodden, often set during the Great Depression.

France's writing, underlined by irony and skepticism, critiques social and political institutions, blending Naturalism with his own unique satirical bent.

Twain's writing, rooted in Realism, captures the American vernacular, humor, and the societal issues of the post-Civil War United States.

Howells is noted for his depiction of American life, focus on realism in literature, and its role as a means of social reform.

Wright's Naturalistic novels focus on the oppressive social conditions faced by African Americans, with a stark depiction of racial issues in America.

His writing embodies the Realist style, with detailed social landscapes and complex characters driven by their social status and environment.

Hardy's novels showcase his Naturalist views, where characters often struggle against their passions and social circumstances, set in the semi-fictional region of Wessex.

Jewett's Realism shines through in her detailed depictions of New England life, the emphasis on local color, and her character-driven narratives.

Her work blends Realism and early Naturalism, focusing on the lives of the industrial working class and their conditions, notably in her work 'Life in the Iron Mills'.

Verga's work in the Verismo sub-genre of Naturalism captures the lives of the poor and marginalized in Sicily with sparse dialogue and precision.