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Michael Psellos was instrumental in the revival of Greek philosophy and the humanities in the Byzantine Empire, promoting the study of Plato and influencing later Renaissance humanists.

John of Damascus played a crucial role in synthesizing Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology. His works influenced both Byzantine and Western Scholastic traditions.

Hesychasm, a mystical tradition focused on inner stillness and prayer, had significant cultural impact in Byzantium, fostering spiritual movements and debates in the Orthodox Church.

Pseudo-Dionysius's works on mystical theology and the celestial hierarchy deeply influenced Byzantine thought, and had a lasting effect on Eastern Orthodox theology and Western mysticism.

Gemistos Plethon is credited with fostering a Platonic revival in the Byzantine Empire and later influencing Renaissance thinkers with his views on paganism and philosophy.

Iconoclasm was a movement that challenged the use of religious images, leading to profound cultural and political impacts in Byzantine society and shaping the theology of images in Christianity.

Photios was a key figure in the education reform of the Byzantine Empire, promoting the preservation and study of ancient Greek texts, and he also played a part in the East-West Schism.

Gregory Palamas defended Hesychasm with his distinction between God's essence and energies, leaving a lasting theological and philosophical legacy in the Orthodox Church.

Anna Comnena, a Byzantine princess and scholar, wrote 'The Alexiad', documenting the history of her time, and she has been credited with preserving the intellectual tradition of her era.