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His 'The Book of Healing' is a philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and his work the 'Canon of Medicine' was a standard medical text for centuries.

Efforts to harmonize reason with faith and his extensive commentaries on Aristotle influenced Christian and Jewish philosophers in the West.

He made contributions to comparative religions, anthropology, and sciences, often acknowledged for his works in physics and the study of India.

Considered a forerunner of sociology, historiography, and economics. Known for his work, the 'Muqaddimah', which introduced methods of scientific inquiry into social sciences.

Persian poet and Sufi mystic who emphasized love as a path for personal spiritual growth and unity with the divine.

Regarded as the 'Philosopher of the Arabs', he played a crucial role in introducing Greek and Hellenistic philosophy to the Arab world.

A blind Arab philosopher, poet, and writer, he was known for his rationalism and skepticism, advocating for reason and critical thinking.

Founder of the Illuminationist school of thought, emphasizing that light was the foundational cornerstone of presence and the essence of reality.

Credited with integrating Sufism with Shariah and his criticism of the philosophers, which would influence the decline of Aristotelian philosophy in the Islamic world.