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Advocated for the empirical method and the study of nature through reason and experience, precursor to modern scientific method.

Combined Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine, emphasizing reason and faith. Key figure in natural theology and author of 'Summa Theologica'.

Jewish philosopher who influenced Scholasticism, known for harmonizing reason with religious doctrine, author of 'Guide for the Perplexed'.

Known for the ontological argument for the existence of God and the claim that faith precedes understanding.

Islamic philosopher known for his commentaries on Aristotle; influenced the Scholastic tradition by reintroducing Aristotelian philosophy to the West.

Emphasized dialectical reasoning in theology, known for his method of Sic et Non, which sought to resolve contradictions in theological texts.

Known for his work 'The Consolation of Philosophy', bridging the gap between ancient philosophy and the medieval Christian world.

Advocated for methodological simplicity, known for Ockham's Razor, encouraging the principle that among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected.

Contributed to the development of mystical theology, emphasizing the path to God through mind, heart, and soul.

Argued for a univocal conception of being, emphasizing the independence and individuality (thisness) of beings, called 'haecceity'.

Introduced the concept of 'haecceitas' (thisness) and argued for the univocity of being, which influenced later nominalist and modern thought.

Integrated Aristotle's philosophy into Christian doctrine, wrote extensively on the natural sciences, ethics, and metaphysics.

Author of 'The Four Books of Sentences', a standard university textbook in medieval Scholasticism, setting out the theological issues of time.

Advanced the notion that faith could be supported by reason but the former was superior, and both faith and reason have their own spheres.