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Judah Halevi was a prominent philosopher and poet. His famous work 'The Kuzari' defends Judaism and argues that a national revelation, as claimed in the Hebrew Bible, is a stronger proof of God’s existence than any philosophical arguments.

Gersonides, also known as Levi ben Gershon or Ralbag, is notable for his works on logic, mathematics, and astronomy, as well as philosophy. His philosophical texts, including 'Wars of the Lord,' address issues of free will, the immortality of the soul, and the nature of God.

The Kabbalah is a collection of esoteric teachings that seek to explain the relationship between God, the unchanging, infinite, and the mortal and finite universe. It has greatly influenced Jewish mysticism and has had cultural impacts that extend beyond Jewish tradition, including in new age and popular culture.

Maimonides, also known as Rambam, is known for his philosophical work 'The Guide for the Perplexed,' which seeks to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy with Hebrew Scripture. His 13 principles of faith are still central in Jewish thought, and his legal works have had a lasting impact on Jewish law and ethics.

Saadia Gaon is known for writing 'Emunoth ve-Deoth' (The Book of Beliefs and Opinions), which was the first systematic presentation and philosophy of the Jewish religion. He integrated Greek philosophy and Jewish tradition, and his work significantly influenced later Jewish thought.

Moses de Leon is traditionally credited with the authorship of the Zohar, the foundational work of Kabbalah. His contributions to Jewish mysticism are profound, providing a spiritual interpretation of the Torah and influencing the mystical movements within Judaism.

Bahya ibn Paquda is known for his work 'Chovot ha-Levavot' (Duties of the Heart), which emphasizes the importance of inner spiritual life and devotion. His focus on ethics and moral conduct, as well as piety and heartful service to God, had a significant impact on Jewish spirituality and religious practice.