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An English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher who is best known for Ockham's Razor, the methodological principle that the simplest theory is preferable.

A Scottish Catholic priest and Franciscan friar who made important contributions to metaphysics, theology, and logic. Known for his defense of the Immaculate Conception.

A German theologian, philosopher, and mystic who taught on the presence of God in the individual soul and the importance of detachment.

An Italian Dominican friar whose synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology led to the Thomistic school of thought.

An Italian scholar whose work 'Defensor Pacis' argued for the separation of Church and State and influenced secular thought.

A German philosopher, theologian, and mathematician known for his learned ignorance and the notion of the coincidence of opposites.

A method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ('scholastics') of medieval universities in Europe, synthesizing Christian theology with classical philosophy.

The school of thought based on the work of Averroes, promoting the coexistence of religion and philosophy and the idea of the double truth.

A philosophical approach that argues for the reality of universals as names, or 'nomina,' rather than as existing independently of the mind.

A Bohemian theologian who was influenced by Wycliffe and whose calls for church reform led to his execution and eventually influenced the Hussite movement.

An English philosopher and theologian, considered a precursor to the Protestant Reformation, who criticized the Church and translated the Bible into vernacular English.