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Doping and Anti-Doping
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Anabolic Steroids
Effects: Increase muscle mass and strength; potential side effects include liver damage and increased risk of heart disease. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), detectable by urine tests.
Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
Effects: Promotes muscle growth and recovery; excess use can lead to abnormal growth and diabetes. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA, detectable through blood tests.
Blood Doping
Effects: Increases red blood cell count, enhancing aerobic capacity and endurance. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA, detected by blood tests.
Narcotics
Effects: Pain relief, which may allow athletes to perform despite injuries. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA because they can mask pain and cause dependence.
Peptide Hormones
Effects: Can stimulate growth, red blood cell production, and other functions. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA, some are detectable by blood tests.
Masking Agents
Effects: Used to hide the presence of banned substances in doping controls. Anti-doping regulations: Prohibited by WADA.
Beta Blockers
Effects: Reduce tremors and heart rate, can provide a calming effect, useful in precision sports. Anti-doping regulations: Banned in specific sports such as archery and shooting.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Effects: Stimulates red blood cell production, improving oxygen delivery to tissues. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA, detectable with blood tests.
Cannabinoids
Effects: Alter mood and perception, but may decrease motivation and performance. Anti-doping regulations: Banned in-competition by WADA.
Diuretics
Effects: Increases urine production, can be used to mask other doping substances. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA.
Beta-2 Agonists
Effects: Can improve lung function and may have anabolic effects. Anti-doping regulations: Some are permitted with an exemption, others are banned.
Stimulants
Effects: Enhance alertness, reduce fatigue, and increase competitiveness; can lead to addiction and cardiac issues. Anti-doping regulations: Many are banned by WADA.
Gene Doping
Effects: Potential to enhance performance by altering gene expressions; long-term effects unknown. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA, but detection is challenging.
Alcohol
Effects: At low doses, may reduce anxiety and tremors in sports like shooting. Anti-doping regulations: Banned in specific sports by some federations.
Glucocorticoids
Effects: Anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing; may improve endurance by affecting energy metabolism. Anti-doping regulations: Use is restricted by WADA.
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