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Doping and Anti-Doping

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Anabolic Steroids

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Effects: Increase muscle mass and strength; potential side effects include liver damage and increased risk of heart disease. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), detectable by urine tests.

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Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

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Effects: Promotes muscle growth and recovery; excess use can lead to abnormal growth and diabetes. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA, detectable through blood tests.

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Blood Doping

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Effects: Increases red blood cell count, enhancing aerobic capacity and endurance. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA, detected by blood tests.

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Narcotics

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Effects: Pain relief, which may allow athletes to perform despite injuries. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA because they can mask pain and cause dependence.

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Peptide Hormones

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Effects: Can stimulate growth, red blood cell production, and other functions. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA, some are detectable by blood tests.

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Masking Agents

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Effects: Used to hide the presence of banned substances in doping controls. Anti-doping regulations: Prohibited by WADA.

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Beta Blockers

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Effects: Reduce tremors and heart rate, can provide a calming effect, useful in precision sports. Anti-doping regulations: Banned in specific sports such as archery and shooting.

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

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Effects: Stimulates red blood cell production, improving oxygen delivery to tissues. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA, detectable with blood tests.

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Cannabinoids

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Effects: Alter mood and perception, but may decrease motivation and performance. Anti-doping regulations: Banned in-competition by WADA.

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Diuretics

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Effects: Increases urine production, can be used to mask other doping substances. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA.

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Beta-2 Agonists

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Effects: Can improve lung function and may have anabolic effects. Anti-doping regulations: Some are permitted with an exemption, others are banned.

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Stimulants

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Effects: Enhance alertness, reduce fatigue, and increase competitiveness; can lead to addiction and cardiac issues. Anti-doping regulations: Many are banned by WADA.

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Gene Doping

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Effects: Potential to enhance performance by altering gene expressions; long-term effects unknown. Anti-doping regulations: Banned by WADA, but detection is challenging.

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Alcohol

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Effects: At low doses, may reduce anxiety and tremors in sports like shooting. Anti-doping regulations: Banned in specific sports by some federations.

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Glucocorticoids

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Effects: Anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing; may improve endurance by affecting energy metabolism. Anti-doping regulations: Use is restricted by WADA.

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