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Description: Exposing water to UV light to disrupt the DNA of microorganisms, rendering them harmless. Effectiveness: Effective against bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, but water must be clear.

Description: Boiling water to produce steam and then condensing that steam back into water, leaving contaminants behind. Effectiveness: Very effective against a wide range of contaminants including microorganisms, heavy metals, and salts.

Description: Water is passed through pores in a ceramic material that filters out particles and microorganisms. Effectiveness: Good for bacteria and protozoa, less effective for viruses without additional treatment like chemical disinfectants.

Description: Water is filtered through activated carbon which adsorbs contaminants. Effectiveness: Good for improving taste, smell, and removing some chemicals, but less effective for microorganisms.

Description: Heating water to a rolling boil for at least 1 minute to kill pathogens. Effectiveness: Very effective against bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.