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Geriatric Syndromes

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Delirium

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Clinical Features: Sudden confusion, emotional disruption, perceptual disturbances. Management: Treat underlying cause, provide supportive care, prevent complications.

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Dementia

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Clinical Features: Gradual cognitive decline, memory loss, impaired judgement. Management: Symptomatic treatment, AChE inhibitors, caregiver support.

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Depression in the Elderly

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Clinical Features: Persistent sadness, anhedonia, changes in sleep/appetite. Management: Psychotherapy, antidepressants, lifestyle modifications.

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Falls

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Clinical Features: Frequent falling or balance issues. Management: Address risk factors, physical therapy, home safety modifications.

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Urinary Incontinence

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Clinical Features: Loss of bladder control, urinary urgency/frequency. Management: Bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, medication.

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Pressure Ulcers

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Clinical Features: Skin breakdown, especially over bony areas. Management: Regular repositioning, wound care, nutritional support.

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Sarcopenia

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Clinical Features: Loss of muscle mass and strength. Management: Resistance exercise, protein supplementation, physical therapy.

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Polypharmacy

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Clinical Features: Use of multiple medications, potential for drug interactions. Management: Regular medication reviews, deprescribing where appropriate, patient education.

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Sleep Disorders

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Clinical Features: Insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep-disordered breathing. Management: Sleep hygiene education, CPAP for sleep apnea, medication review.

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Malnutrition

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Clinical Features: Weight loss, muscle wasting, vitamin deficiencies. Management: Nutritional assessment, oral supplements, enteral/parenteral nutrition if necessary.

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