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Drug Effects on the Nervous System

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Opioids

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Bind to opioid receptors in the brain, causing analgesia and euphoria, while depressing the central nervous system.

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Benzodiazepines

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Enhance GABA neurotransmission, resulting in sedative, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant effects.

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Amphetamines

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Increase the release of dopamine and norepinephrine, leading to heightened alertness, energy, and concentration.

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Antidepressants (SSRIs)

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Inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, resulting in increased serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft.

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Antipsychotics

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Block dopamine receptors, reducing the symptoms of psychosis and schizophrenia.

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Alcohol

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Depresses the central nervous system by enhancing GABA transmission and inhibiting glutamate receptors.

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Nicotine

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Stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, enhancing dopamine release and creating stimulating and rewarding effects.

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Cocaine

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Blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, resulting in increased concentrations in the synaptic cleft and intense euphoria.

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MDMA (Ecstasy)

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Increases the release of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, resulting in euphoria, increased energy, and enhanced sensory perception.

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Caffeine

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Blocks adenosine receptors leading to increased neuronal firing and the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine.

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Hallucinogens (LSD)

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Primarily agonizes serotonin receptors, which alters perception, mood, and cognitive processes.

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Cannabinoids

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Activate CB1 and CB2 receptors, affecting neurotransmitter release and resulting in altered mood, perception, and pain sensation.

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Barbiturates

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Enhance GABA neurotransmission and inhibit excitatory neurotransmission resulting in sedative and hypnotic effects.

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Methamphetamine

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Increases release and blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, causing intense euphoria, increased energy, and alertness.

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Inhalants

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Diverse group of substances that depress the central nervous system, can cause euphoria, dizziness, and lowered inhibition.

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