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Primary pathways include the raphe nuclei to various brain regions. Associated behaviors include mood regulation, appetite, and sleep.

Primary pathways encompass the mesolimbic, mesocortical, and nigrostriatal pathways. Associated behaviors are reward processing, motivation, and motor function.

Major pathways include the locus coeruleus to cortical and subcortical areas. Associated behaviors include arousal, vigilance, and the stress response.

Primary pathways from the basal forebrain to the hippocampus and cortex, and from the brainstem to the thalamus. Associated behaviors include learning, memory, and muscle activation.

The main excitatory system with widespread pathways in the brain. Associated behaviors include synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory formation.

Major inhibitory system in the brain, with interneurons affecting many brain regions. Associated behaviors include reducing neuronal excitability, anxiety regulation, and motor control.

Involved in modulating other neurotransmitter systems via retrograde signaling. Associated behaviors include appetite regulation, pain sensation, and mood.

Pathways include connections to pain-regulating regions of the brain and spinal cord. Associated behaviors include pain modulation, reward, and addiction.

Originate from the hypothalamus and projects throughout the brain. Associated behaviors include wakefulness, gastric secretion, and immune responses.