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Pathways include connections to pain-regulating regions of the brain and spinal cord. Associated behaviors include pain modulation, reward, and addiction.

Originate from the hypothalamus and projects throughout the brain. Associated behaviors include wakefulness, gastric secretion, and immune responses.

Major inhibitory system in the brain, with interneurons affecting many brain regions. Associated behaviors include reducing neuronal excitability, anxiety regulation, and motor control.

Primarily found in the spinal cord and brainstem. Associated behaviors include spinal reflexes and motor behaviors, and it acts primarily as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Involved in modulating other neurotransmitter systems via retrograde signaling. Associated behaviors include appetite regulation, pain sensation, and mood.

Primary pathways from the basal forebrain to the hippocampus and cortex, and from the brainstem to the thalamus. Associated behaviors include learning, memory, and muscle activation.

The main excitatory system with widespread pathways in the brain. Associated behaviors include synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory formation.

Primary pathways encompass the mesolimbic, mesocortical, and nigrostriatal pathways. Associated behaviors are reward processing, motivation, and motor function.

Primary pathways include the raphe nuclei to various brain regions. Associated behaviors include mood regulation, appetite, and sleep.