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A testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables; guides the direction of the study.

Any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types and can be manipulated in an experiment.

The group in an experimental design that does not receive the treatment, used as a benchmark to measure the effects of the treatment.

The group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested, which is compared against the control group.

The variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment. It is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation of the independent variable.

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher to test its effects on the dependent variable.

A procedure in experimental design for assigning participants to different groups randomly, ensuring that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group.

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment, which can lead to erroneous conclusions if not controlled.

A clear, detailed definition of a measure or variable within an experiment, specifying the exact procedures used to determine the presence and quantity of a variable.

A technique where subjects or investigators are kept unaware of the treatment administered to reduce bias in an experiment.

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the staff are ignorant about who has received the treatment or the placebo, preventing bias from either side.

A response to an inert or non-active treatment which can psychologically lead participants to exhibit changes in behavior or health.

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to; includes internal and external validity.

The consistency of a research study or measuring test; the degree to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same result on repeated trials.