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A type of test in which individuals' scores are compared to a pre-established distribution of scores (norms) from a representative sample of respondents.

A process that ensures that a test is administered and scored in a consistent or 'standard' manner; it allows for comparisons across different individuals or groups.

The consistency of a measure; an index of how stable or replicable test scores or other assessment outcomes are over time or across different raters.

A family of mathematical models that explains the relationship between latent traits (e.g., abilities, attitudes) and their manifestations in test items.

An abstract quality, attribute, or characteristic that is theoretically determined and not directly observable; psychometric tests aim to measure constructs.

A measure of the stability of test scores upon repeated administration of the same test after a period of time.

The degree to which test items are representative of the content and construct they are intended to assess; often determined by expert judgment.

The level of agreement or consistency between different raters or assessors who evaluate the same performance or responses.

A set of items combined to produce a single numerical score, typically used to measure a construct or variable in psychometrics.

A test that measures an individual's performance against a specific standard or criterion rather than comparing scores to those of other individuals.

A non-parametric measure of the strength and direction of the association between two ranked variables.

A standardized assessment tool used to measure individuals' mental capabilities and behavioral style, designed based on psychometric principles.

A coefficient of reliability or internal consistency of a psychometric test; a higher alpha suggests that the items in a test measure the same construct.

A statistical method used to identify underlying relationships between variables; often used in test construction to identify latent constructs.