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A five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up. Developed by Abraham Maslow.

A theory of motivation that is concerned with the intrinsic motivation and the extrinsic forces that affect an individual’s psychological need for autonomy, competence and relatedness. Developed by Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan.

Suggests that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction, which are not the opposites of the satisfaction factors. Developed by Frederick Herzberg.

A motivational model which argues that the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation are major motives in work. These needs are learned and socially developed as the individual interacts with the environment. Developed by David McClelland.

This theory proposes that an individual will behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over others due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be. Developed by Victor Vroom.

Postulates that establishing goals that are specific and challenging yet attainable will result in better performance. The theory emphasizes the importance of goals in improving employee motivation. Developed by Edwin Locke.

Focuses on determining whether the distribution of resources is fair to both relational partners. It considers motivational factors based on perceived fairness of the input-to-outcome ratios. Developed by John Stacey Adams.

Based on the principle that psychological needs create an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce that need by engaging in some behavior. Developed by Clark Hull.

Refers to an individual’s belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments. It reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment. Developed by Albert Bandura.