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Decreasing the probability of a behavior by adding an aversive stimulus after the behavior. Example: Getting a speeding ticket for driving too fast, which decreases the likelihood of speeding in the future.

Reinforcing the desired behavior only part of the time. This includes fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval schedules. Example: Giving a sales commission after every third sale (fixed-ratio schedule).

Increasing the probability of a behavior by adding a desirable stimulus after the behavior. Example: Giving a dog a treat for sitting on command.

Decreasing the probability of a behavior by removing a desirable stimulus after the behavior. Example: Taking away a teenager's video game privileges for coming home past curfew, reducing the chances of late returns.

Increasing the probability of a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus after the behavior. Example: Turning off a loud alarm when getting up at the right time, which reinforces waking up early.