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Major Counseling Theories

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Behaviorism

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Focused on observable behavior, reinforcement, and conditioning. Useful for behavior modification in school settings, such as implementing reward systems.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

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Combines cognitive and behavioral approaches. Addresses dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs to change behavior. CBT is used for problem-solving and skill-building with students.

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Humanistic Theory

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Emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization. In schools, it promotes a student-centered approach and the development of a supportive relationship between counselor and student.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

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Focuses on unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts. Though less common in schools, it can inform understanding of student behavior and emotional issues.

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Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)

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Centers on finding solutions in the present time and exploring hope for the future. Common in schools due to its brief and goal-oriented nature.

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Social Learning Theory

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Emphasizes learning through observation and imitation. Utilized in schools to understand peer influence and to model positive behaviors.

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Eclectic Approach

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Involves integrating multiple theories and techniques to fit the needs of individual students. Common in schools where psychologists might employ different strategies for different situations.

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Narrative Therapy

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Centers on the stories people construct about their lives. In schools, can help students reframe their problems and see them in a different, more empowering way.

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Gestalt Therapy

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Focuses on the here and now, and the development of self-awareness. Can be used in schools to help students gain insight into their behaviors and emotions.

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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

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Focuses on identifying and altering irrational beliefs. Can be employed in school settings to help students challenge and change their thought patterns to improve emotional well-being.

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