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The process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory. Example: Transforming a visual image of a word into a sound as you read aloud.

The process of maintaining information in memory over time. Example: Remembering a friend's phone number by repeating it several times.

The process of recalling information stored in memory. Example: Answering a question on a test about a fact you studied earlier.

The process of stabilizing a memory trace after the initial acquisition. Example: Sleeping after learning a new skill to enhance retention.

The conscious repetition of information to keep it in memory. Example: Repeating a shopping list in your head while walking to the store.

The process of grouping information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember. Example: Breaking down a phone number into sections, rather than remembering each digit individually.

Retrieving a memory using a minimal amount of cues. Example: Writing an essay answer without any hints or prompts.

The ability to identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again. Example: Choosing the correct answer from a list of options on a multiple-choice test.

The inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage. Example: Failing to remember the name of an acquaintance.