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Developed the Sociocultural Theory of cognitive development; Zone of Proximal Development; emphasized the role of social interaction in learning.

Proposed the Theory of Cognitive Development; identified four stages of child development; studied the nature of children's understanding.

Pioneered the theory of Behaviorism; Operant Conditioning; invented the Skinner box for experimental research.

Developed Theory of Multiple Intelligences; proposed that intelligence is not a single ability but a combination of several skills and talents.

Created the first practical IQ test, the Binet-Simon test; worked on measuring children's intellectual development to identify those needing special education.

Formulated the Law of Effect; worked on Trial-and-Error Theory of learning; contributed to connectionism and behaviorism.

Founder of child psychology and educational psychology; established the first psychology laboratory in the U.S.; focused on childhood development and evolutionary theory.

Developed the Ecological Systems Theory; examined the influence of different environmental systems on children's development.

Identified specific developmental tasks that he believed children must master to develop normally; emphasized the importance of social influences on child development.