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A system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude) within a few meters using time signals transmitted from satellites. Fully operational by 1995.

An advanced navigation information system used for nautical navigation that complies with International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations. It provides continuous position and navigational safety information. It was introduced in the late 20th century.

A technique used by navigators to determine longitude and latitude at sea by observing celestial bodies. Historically, it was essential for ocean exploration from the 15th century onwards.

The measurement of the direction from which a received radio signal was transmitted, useful for marine navigation to determine the position of a ship relative to known radio sources. It has been used since the early 20th century.

A terrestrial radio navigation system using low frequency radio transmitters to determine the location and speed of a receiver. LORAN was widely used from World War II until the invention of the GPS.

A process of calculating one's current position by using a previously determined position and accounting for known or estimated speeds over elapsed time, and course. It dates back to ancient times and was enhanced by the invention of the compass and log line.

A navigational technique that involves navigating a vessel in restricted waters and fixing its position in reference to known objects such as islands, buoys, and lighthouses. It is one of the oldest forms of navigation.