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Cartilaginous fish have a skeleton made of cartilage rather than bone. Sharks (e.g., great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias) and rays (e.g., manta ray, Manta birostris) are notable examples.

Bony fish possess a rigid skeleton made of bone. They include the majority of fish species, such as the clownfish (Amphiprioninae) and the blue tang (Paracanthurus hepatus).

Echinoderms are characterized by their radial symmetry and a water vascular system. Examples include sea stars (e.g., Asterias spp.) and sea urchins (e.g., Strongylocentrotus purpuratus).

Arthropods have an exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages. Marine examples include the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and the American lobster (Homarus americanus).

Cetaceans are marine mammals known for their intelligence and complex vocalizations. Examples include the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) and the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).

Cnidarians possess stinging cells called cnidocytes, and simple body plans that consist of a mouth, gastrovascular cavity, and tentacles. Jellyfish (e.g., Aurelia aurita) and corals (e.g., Acropora spp.) are examples.