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Anthropological Research Methods
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Archival Research
The use of primary source documents that have been collected and stored in archives, libraries, or databases. Best used for historical or longitudinal studies to analyze changes over time.
Focus Groups
A moderated discussion with a small group of people about a particular topic or series of topics to gather diverse perspectives. Best used for exploratory research and to generate ideas.
Participant Observation
A qualitative research method where the researcher immerses themselves in the community or context being studied to observe and participate in everyday activities. Best used for gaining in-depth understanding of cultural practices.
Content Analysis
A systematic coding and categorizing approach used to explore the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within some given qualitative data. Best used to quantify patterns in textual data.
Survey Research
The collection of data from a predefined group of respondents to gain information and insights on various topics of interest. Best used when the research requires statistical analysis of large samples.
Cross-Sectional Study
A research design that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time. Best used for making inferences about populations at a singular time.
Experimental Research
The use of controlled testing environments to discover the cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Best used when seeking to identify specific causal links in a controlled setting.
Phenomenology
An approach to research that focuses on describing the lived experiences of participants and the meanings they make from these experiences. Best used to understand phenomena from the perspective of those experiencing it.
Structured Interview
A research method that involves asking all participants the same set of predetermined questions in the same order to gather comparable quantitative data. Best used when needing to collect data from many people quickly.
Unstructured Interview
A flexible, conversational research method where the interviewer adapts their questions based on the interviewee's responses. Best used to explore complex topics in depth.
Case Study
An in-depth examination of a single instance or event, such as a community, organization, or individual, to explore and understand complex issues. Best used for unique or extreme examples that can provide insight into more general phenomena.
Ethnography
A research method involving the extended observation of the social perspective and cultural values of an entire social setting. Best used to gain a holistic understanding of a society's customs and practices.
Longitudinal Study
A research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over short or long periods of time. Best used to detect developments or changes in a target population.
Ethnomethodology
A research technique focused on the ways individuals make sense of their world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order. Best used to understand the 'methods' people use in everyday life.
Action Research
A participatory study where the goal is to solve a problem and contribute knowledge to the field while directly involving the subjects of the research in the process. Best used when practical changes are a desired outcome.
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