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Archaeological Periods
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Paleolithic
Old Stone Age characterized by the development of the first stone tools, hunting and gathering societies, and cave art.
Mesolithic
Middle Stone Age marked by the advent of microliths, smaller stone tools, the beginnings of agriculture, and domestication of dogs.
Neolithic
New Stone Age known for the establishment of farming communities, advancement in tool technology, and the creation of pottery.
Chalcolithic
Copper Age in which copper metalworking was introduced to stone tool technology, leading to an increase in trade and urbanization.
Bronze Age
Period marked by the use of bronze, early writing systems, trade networks, and the rise of civilization.
Iron Age
Period characterized by the widespread use of iron tools and weapons, development of complex societies, and varied cultural expressions.
Classical Antiquity
Period marked by the flourishing of Greek and Roman civilizations, notable for philosophy, art, and the establishment of law and citizenship.
Middle Ages
Era following the fall of the Roman Empire, characterized by feudalism, the spread of Christianity, and the Crusades.
Renaissance
Period of 'rebirth' in Europe marked by renewed interest in classical learning, artistic flowering, and scientific discovery.
Industrial Revolution
Phase of rapid industrialization marked by the transition to new manufacturing processes, urbanization, and socio-economic changes.
Elizabethan Era
Period of English history marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, noted for accomplishments in the arts, exploration, and the beginning of the English empire.
Victorian Era
Period in British history marked by the reign of Queen Victoria, industrialization, and strict social codes of conduct.
Ming Dynasty
Chinese dynasty known for its trade expansion to the outside world that established cultural ties with the West, and the construction of the Great Wall.
Aztec Empire
Mesoamerican culture distinguished by large-scale construction, human sacrifice in religious ceremonies, and the flourishing of Tenochtitlan.
Inca Empire
South American empire noted for its unique administrative system, network of roads, and sophisticated agricultural terraces.
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