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A subsistence strategy where food is obtained by collecting wild plants and hunting wild animals. Examples: San people of the Kalahari, Hadza of Tanzania.

Subsistence agriculture where gardens or small plots of land are cultivated without intensive farming techniques or technology. Examples: Yanomami of the Amazon, Trobriand Islanders of Papua New Guinea.

A subsistence strategy involving the domestication of animals and mobility to access pasture for them. Examples: Maasai of East Africa, Bedouins of the Middle East.

A subsistence strategy involving the cultivation of crops using plowing, irrigation, and fertilizers to maximize food production. Examples: American Midwest farms, rice paddies in Southeast Asia.

Advanced agricultural techniques involving mechanization, high levels of inputs and monocropping to produce food on a massive scale. Examples: Poultry farms in the U.S., Greenhouse complexes in the Netherlands.

A semi-nomadic pastoralist subsistence strategy where herders move between fixed points to access seasonal pastures. Examples: The Sami of Scandinavia, the Nenets of Siberia.

A form of horticulture in which land is used temporarily then abandoned to regain fertility before being used again. Examples: Slash-and-burn practices in various tropical regions.

The cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants. Examples: Fish farms in Norway, oyster beds in Japan.

A land use management system where trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland. Examples: Coffee under shade trees in Latin America, alley cropping in West Africa.

The combining of crop and livestock farming to maximize the use of land and increase farm production. Examples: Crop-livestock systems in Europe, dairy and grain farms in North America.

An anthropological term describing human societies that rely on foraging for wild plants and hunting wild animals to subsist. Examples: !Kung of Southern Africa, Inuit of the Arctic.

A form of pastoralism where the movement of livestock is determined by the need for pasture, and no permanent home is maintained. Examples: Mongolian herders, Tuareg of the Sahara.

An agricultural production system characterized by high inputs, such as labor, capital, or equipment, to produce high yields per unit of agricultural land area. Examples: Greenhouse tomatoes, high-yield cereal grains.

A traditional fishing practice aimed at meeting local or family food needs rather than for sale or trade. Examples: Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, riverside communities in the Amazon.

A method of agriculture where forests are cut and burned to create fields for temporary cultivation. Examples: Milpa in Central America, Chitemene in Africa.

An ecological design system for sustainability in all aspects of human endeavor, it includes agriculture, water use, housing, etc. Examples: Permaculture gardens worldwide, sustainable farms.

A type of farming that consists of different steps or terraces that are built into the slopes of mountains to grow crops. Examples: Rice terraces of the Philippines, Andean terraced fields.

The practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers or structures, often in controlled environments like buildings or skyscrapers. Examples: Urban vertical farms, aeroponic systems.

An agricultural method of planting multiple crops in the same space to promote biodiversity, reduce pests and disease, and increase resilience. Examples: Traditional indigenous tropical agriculture, forest gardening.