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A neural structure that directs several important functions, such as the autonomic nervous system, body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and circadian cycles.

A wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and provides communication between them.

Responsible for coordinating voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.

Primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation of vision and visual stimuli.

Processes sensory information it receives from the outside world, mainly relating to spatial sense and navigation.

Involved in the cognitive process of decision-making and reward in the context of emotional and social behavior.

Involved in complex behaviors such as planning, decision making, and moderating social behavior. It is also key to personality expression.

Important for language development and comprehension. Damage to this area can result in receptive aphasia, where one can speak but not understand language.

Responsible for language processing, speech production, and comprehension.

Functions as a relay station for almost all information that comes and goes to the cortex. It plays a role in pain sensation, attention, and alertness.

Involved in complex emotional and cognitive processing. The insula is believed to play a role in consciousness and the regulation of homeostasis.

The pituitary gland is a hormone-producing gland considered the 'master gland' of the endocrine system, controlling the function of many other glands.

Critical for the formation of new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions.

Responsible for the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements. Part of the cerebral cortex.

Functions include rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy, impulse control, and emotion.

Involved in processing emotions such as fear, anger, and pleasure. It is also essential for emotional memory.

Associated with a variety of functions, including control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, and routine behaviors or habits.

Involved in processing auditory information and is also important for the processing of semantics in both speech and vision.

Responsible for processing sensory input from the body. It includes mapping of the skin and internal organs to the brain.