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Psychopharmacology

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SNRIs

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Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors elevate serotonin and norepinephrine levels, treating major depressive disorder, anxiety, and sometimes chronic pain.

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TCA (Tricyclic Antidepressants)

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They inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, treating depression, chronic pain, and sometimes insomnia.

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Benzodiazepines

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They enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA and are used for anxiety disorders, insomnia, seizures, and alcohol withdrawal.

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Beta-Blockers for Anxiety

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They block the effects of adrenaline on beta receptors, thus reducing physical symptoms of anxiety such as tachycardia and tremors.

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Lithium

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Lithium modulates neurotransmitter release and supports neuroplasticity, used primarily in the management of bipolar disorder.

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Second-Generation Antidepressants

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They have various mechanisms including SSRI, SNRI, and others, and they treat depression, with generally fewer side effects compared to older antidepressants.

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MAOIs

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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors prevent the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters, treating depression and anxiety, but have dietary restrictions due to potential hypertensive crisis.

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Stimulants

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They increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity, used mainly to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.

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SSRIs

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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors increase serotonin levels in the brain and are used to treat depression and anxiety.

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NMDA Receptor Antagonists (Memantine)

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They block NMDA glutamate receptors and are used in the management of Alzheimer's disease to slow down progression.

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Cholinesterase Inhibitors

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They inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to increased acetylcholine in the brain, and are used to treat Alzheimer's disease.

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Typical Antipsychotics

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They primarily block D2 dopamine receptors and are used to treat schizophrenia but can cause extrapyramidal symptoms.

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Atypical Antipsychotics

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They block dopamine D2 receptors and serotonin receptors, treating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression augmentation.

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Mood Stabilizers (Anticonvulsants)

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They decrease neuronal excitability and are used for bipolar disorder, seizure disorders, and sometimes neuropathic pain.

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Naltrexone for Alcohol Dependence

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It blocks opioid receptors, reducing the rewarding effects of alcohol, and is used as part of the treatment for alcohol dependence.

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